Segrè entitled “ Experimental Nuclear Physics”, 2 (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1953). Feld in his article on the neutron in the volume edited by E. The evidence for and against the existence of a ‘bineutron’, also called ‘dineutron’, is discussed by B. Muehlhause kindly communicated his results to us in advance of publication. Muehlhause at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The neutrino spectrum was deduced from the spectrum of beta-radiation from fission fragments as measured by C. Cowan, Reines, Harrison, Kruse and McGuire, Science, 124, 103 (1956). L., and Reines, F., Postdeadline Paper, American Physical Society, New Haven Meeting, June 1956. L., and Reines, F., Invited Paper, American Physical Society, New York Meeting, January 1954.Ĭowan, jun., C. This experiment was originally suggested by Pontecorvo and considered by Alvarez in a report UCRL-328 (1949). M., and Reines, F., Nuovo Cimento, 3, 649 (1956).ĭavis, jun., R., Contributed Paper, American Physical Society, Washington, D. The status of the neutrino in 1936 is given by H. This article also summarizes neutrino detection attempts to 1948. Bethe has given the relationship between the recoil electron spectrum and the energy and magnetic moment of a neutrino in Proc. Wu's most conservatively estimated limit. This question is treated in detail in an article by C. Kofoed-Hansen in Siegbahn's “ Beta and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy” (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1955). A summary can be found in an article by O. We do not attempt here to describe the many beautiful and difficult, recoil experiments in which recoils of neutrino-emitting nuclei ( ∼ 8–200 eV.) have been measured. Pauli, W., in “ Rapports du Septième Conseil de Physique Solvay”, Brussels, 1933 (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1934). Meitner suggested in 1922 that a quantized nucleus should not be expected to emit a continuous spectrum, and Ellis found non-conservation of energy from experiments on the emitted electron. This particle would be emitted by the nucleus simultaneously with the electron, would carry with it no electric charge, but would carry the missing energy and momentum escaping from the laboratory equipment without detection.Ĭhadwick discovered that the beta spectrum was continuous. Another novel explanation, but one which would maintain the integrity of the conservation laws, was a proposal by Wolfgang Pauli in 1933 which hypothesized a new and fundamental particle3 to account for the loss of energy from the nucleus. One possible explanation was that the conservation laws (upon which the entire structure of modern science is built) were not valid when applied to regions of subatomic dimensions. A new question arose at the beginning, however, when it was found that accompanying beta decay there was an unaccountable loss of energy from the decaying nucleus1, and that one could do nothing to the apparatus in which the decay occurred to trap this lost energy2. As might be expected, intensive investigation of this interesting alchemy of Nature has shed much light on problems concerning the atomic nucleus. In this process an atomic nucleus spontaneously emits either a negative or positive electron, and in so doing it becomes a different element with the same mass number but with a nuclear charge different from that of the parent element by one electronic charge. Such was the case with the discovery and investigation of the radioactive process termed 'beta decay'. EACH new discovery of natural science broadens our knowledge and deepens our understanding of the physical universe but at times these advances raise new and even more fundamental questions than those which they answer.
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